AT THE END OF THE OLD KINGDOM, the walls of the inner chambers and corridors of ancient Egyptian pyramids were inscribed with a series of ritual and magical spells, known to modern scholarship as the Pyramid Texts. These inscriptions constitute the oldest body of Egyptian religious writings; usually literary in form and language, they are also the oldest representatives of Egyptian literature. In both respects, the Pyramid Texts are primary sources for the history of ancient Egyptian thought and its relationship to that of the biblical world. To date, Pyramid Texts have been found in the tombs of ten kings and queens at Saqqara, the necropolis of the Old Kingdom capital, Memphis: Unis (Dynasty V, ca. 2353–2323 B.C.) Teti (Dynasty VI, ca. 2323–2291 B.C.) Pepi I (Dynasty VI, ca. 2289–2255 B.C.) Ankhesenpepi II, wife of Pepi I Merenre (Dynasty VI, ca. 2255–2246 B.C.) Pepi II (Dynasty VI, ca. 2246–2152 B.C.) Neith, wife of Pepi II Iput II, wife of Pepi II Wedjebetni, wife of Pepi II Ibi (Dynasty VIII, ca. 2109–2107 B.C.). [download]
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