Th e Industrial Revolution was arguably the most important event in (recent) history. Before the Industrial Revolution, which began in the second half of the eighteenth century, living standards increased painstakingly slowly, if at all. In the two centuries aft er 1820 the average real income of the world’s population has grown from $667 in 1820 to $1525 in 1913 to $6012 in 2000 (all expressed in 1990 international dollars). More to the point, in the industrialized world, income per capita increased 15–20 times between 1800 and the present (Maddison, 2001). Before 1800 economic dynamism, most of the time, fuelled an increase in population numbers, although in some regions for example, in Sung China, during the Roman Empire, in the Middle East from 800 to 1100, or in medieval Italy. [download]
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